IAU100] Above & Beyond Exhibition Decade3 ai자료 압축파일 입니다. D03.1.A_WWII technologies WORLD WAR II TECHNOLOGIES THAT CHANGED THE WORLD ADVANCED OPTICS CONTROL SYSTEMS EARLY COMPUTERS NUCLEAR FISSION JET ENGINES RADAR ROCKETS WORLD WAR II TECHNOLOGIES THAT CHANGED THE WORLD D03.2.A._Dark times and culture WORLD WAR II TECHNOLOGIES THAT CHANGED THE WORLD ADVANCED OPTICS CONTROL SYSTEMS EARLY COMPUTERS NUCLEAR FISSION JET ENGINES RADAR ROCKETS THE DARK TIMES, COSMOS AND CULTURE During and following the dark times of the World Wars, literature and culture offered an intellectual escape and glimmer of hope. Antoine de Saint-Exupery's novella "The Little Prince" depicted the story of a little boy from a tiny asteroid who travelled between planets. This tale became one of the most iconic 20th-century pieces of literature. Work by Kenji Miyazawa ("Night on the Galactic Railroad”) also shaped the imagination of entire generations. This period is now regarded as the Golden Age of Science Fiction. Fictional journeys through the stars and visits to imaginary worlds became a vehicle to address deep, existential questions about the meaning of life, happiness, and our place in the Universe. 01 LE PETITE PRINCE, ANTOINE DE SAINT-EXUPERY 02 NIGHT ON THE GALACTIC RAILOAD, KENJI MIYAZAWA 03 LES AVENTURES DE TINTIN, 04 THE NAKED SUN, ISAAC ASIMOV Credit: 01. Fondation Antoine de Saint-Exupery, 02. Kenji Miyazawa, 03. Herge / Moulinsart, 04. Isaac Asimov / Doubleday Science Fiction WORLD WAR II TECHNOLOGIES THAT CHANGED THE WORLD THE DARK TIMES, COSMOS AND CULTURE D03.3.1._HarvardComputers HARVARD COMPUTERS Major innovations of the 19th century, including photography and spectroscopy, helped lead astronomy to evolve into astrophysics. Telescopes began generating massive quantities of observational data, which needed to be interpreted into numbers and tables for researchers to analyse. Prior to the invention of computers, all necessary calculations were performed manually. Notably, the Harvard College Observatory employed a number of women as skilled workers to process astronomical data at the turn of the 20th century. Known as “Harvard Computers”, these women analysed images and revolutionised the world of observational astronomy, supporting the birth of modern cosmology. Many went on to become distinguished scientists in their own right, including Henrietta Leavitt, Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin and Annie Jump Cannon. Credit: Harvard University Archives Credit: Charles Reynes D03.4.1. and others_Post-war IAU THE UNITING ROLE OF THE IAU POST-WAR The first decades of the International Astronomical Union(IAU) were characterised by diplomatic cand political circumstances. After World War II, the IAU rediscovered itself diplomatic and political circumstances. After World War II, the IAU rediscovered itself in a somewhat new, uniting role: bringing together a deeply conflicted community via the means of science. In the second half of the 20th century, the astronomical community expanded significantly, with larger numbers of researchers from diverse backgrounds joining the organisation. The IAU grew from a small organisation of elite researchers to an increasingly inclusive embodiment of the global research community, including increased participation of female members, young scientists, and astronomers from minorities and developing countries. It also outgrew its initial role focussed on science, diplomacy and the naming of celestial objects, embracing new efforts in outreach, education and development. Credit: 01. & 03. International Astronomical Union, 02. American Institute of Physics SCIENCE DIPLOMACY NAMING EDUCATION OUTREACH DEVELOPMENT 01.: IAU GA ROME, 1922 02.: IAU GA ZURICH, 1948 03.: IAU GA BERKELEY, 1961

IAU100] Above & Beyond Exhibition Decade2 ai자료 압축파일 입니다. D02.1.1.R_HBML What are stars WHAT ARE STARS? Stars are glowing spheres of gas. Cecillia Payne-Gaposchkin was the first to suggest that stars are primarily made of hydrogen and helium in 1925. At a star’s centre is a dense, burning core where nuclear fusion occurs. Anticipated by Arthur Eddington in the 1920s, the nuclear process that power stars would only be fully proven in the late 1930s by Hans Bethe. STELLAR ENERGY We long wondered what makes stars shine ? Fire? Coal? To explain what fuels a star, physicists first set out to understand the structure of atoms to uncover the hidden power of nuclear reactions. Stars shine because of these reactions at their core. In 1937, the work of Hans Bethe shed light on the different ways hydrogen can fuse into helium. This meant that the origin and nature of stars was no longer a complete mystery. Further studies contributed to developing the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis, which explains how different chemical elements are forged through different nuclear fusion reactions at different stages of a star’s life-cycle. CHANDRASEKHAR LIMIT - 1,4 M Named after the Indian-American astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, the Chandrasekhar limit is an important value for astronomy. He determined that a compact, evolved star (known as a white dwarf) is 1.4 times more massive than our Sun is too massive to remain stable. After this limit, the force of gravity causes the white dwarf star to collapse into a dense core remnant or even a black hole. D02.1.2.INFO and others_HBML info board (PREVIEW) HUBBLE-LEMAITRE LAW Thanks to Albert Einstein and his equations of General Relativity, we finally had the tools to study the Universe on the largest scales. Subsequent studies by Georges Lemaitre suggested that space is expanding: every point in space, for example every galaxy, grows further apart from each other as time passes. This was soon confirmed by the observations of Edwin Hubble and collaborators, who proved the expansion of the Universe in 1929. They observed that the further galaxies are, the faster they move apart. This relationship was called the "Hubble constant" and was initially estimated by Hubble at 500 km/s/Mpc*, but has since been narrowed to 73.5 km/s/Mpc at the turn of the 21st century. *A parsec is a unit used to express distances in space. One parsec is equal to 3.26 light-years. (PREVIEW) HUBBLE-LEMAITRE LAW Thanks to Albert Einstein and his equations of General Relativity, we finally had the tools to study the Universe on the largest scales. Subsequent studies by Georges Lemaitre suggested that space is expanding: every point in space, for example every galaxy, grows further apart from each other as time passes. This was soon confirmed by the observations of Edwin Hubble and collaborators, who proved the expansion of the Universe in 1929. They observed that the further galaxies are, the faster they move apart. This relationship was called Hubble law and introduced the Hubble constant, initially estimated at 500 km/s/Mpc*, since then narrowed to 73.5 km/s/Mpc at the turn of the 21st century. *A parsec (pc) is a unit used to express distances in space. One parsec is equal to 3.26 light-years. A megaparsec (Mpc) is equal to a million parsecs. D02.2.1.A._.D02.2.1.R_D02.2.2._Radioastronomy UNIVERSE IN RADIO WAVES KARL JANSKY EXPLAINING SOURCE OF RADIO EMISSION Credit: Bell Laboratories / Nokia Corporation ANTENNAS OF MEERKAT RADIO TELESCOPE WHICH IS A PRECURSOR TO THE SQUARE KILOMETRE ARRAY Credit: South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO) UNIVERSE IN RADIO WAVES RADIO ANTENNA USED BY KARL JANSKY TO DISCOVER RADIO EMISSION AT THE CENTER OF THE MILKY WAY There is more to the Universe than meets the eye. The development of radio astronomy became a key step in strengthening our toolkit for studying the Universe. In 1933, Karl Jansky was busy developing the trans-Atlantic radio telephone service when he accidentally detected radio signals coming from a distance source: the centre of the Milky Way. This lead to important developments of radio techniques, primarily during World War II, that forged our modern telecommunications landscape and opened new ways of perceiving the Universe. As a result, we have since discovered pulsars, quasars, radio galaxies, and many other extreme cosmic environments and events. Credit: Bell Laboratories / Nokia Corporation D02.3.1._The War of the Worlds THE WAR OF THE WORLDS In 1938, the radio adaptation of H.G. Wells’ book "The War of the Worlds", narrated and directed by Orson Welles, allegedly caused widespread panic in the USA. The narration convinced listeners across the country that a Martian invasion of Earth was taking place. This realistic radio dramatisation of the 1897 science fiction novel describing the alien attack was taken by some as genuine news during the tension prior to World War II. Credit: 01. Alvim Correa, 02. Chicago Herald Examiner, 03. Daily News, 04. Associated Press

IAU100] Above & Beyond Exhibition Decade1 ai자료 압축파일 입니다. D01.1.1.A_SW Hooker Telescope HOOKER TELESCOPE MT. WILSON OBSERVATORY, USA Completed in 1917, the Hooker Telescope was the largest and most precise astronomical instrument in the world for nearly three decades, leading the way for an exciting new era in stellar and extragalactic research. Observations conducted with this telescope helped astronomers prove that there is much more to the Universe than our local hub of stars in the Milky Way, which is but one of a myriad of galaxies. It has also allowed us to measure the size of the star Betelgeuse for the first time and to identify early clues for the existence of the mysterious dark matter. Even over 100 years later, this remarkable monument of observational astronomy is still used today for science outreach and by visitors who can observe the cloudless skies of California. Credit: Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science Collection at the Huntington Library, San Marino, California EARLY SCI-FI AND THE ANTICIPATION OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL LIFE With the onset of cinematography and radio transmission, the beginning of the 20th century brought a revolution in new forms of media. The live broadcast and the motion picture added new layers of storytelling and immersion that allowed writers, directors and producers to explore science and technology inspired futures, taking them beyond the realm of literature. 01 Das Himmelschiff [A Trip To Mars], Denmark 1919 02 Аэлита [Aelita], Soviet Union 1924 03 Algol. Tragodie der Macht [Algol: Tragedy of Power], Germany 1920 04 The Skylark of Space, USA 1915-1920 D01.1.1.R._SW external walls ABOVE AND BEYOND 1919?2019 MAKING SENSE OF THE UNIVERSE FOR 100 YEARS - HOW DO STARS FORM AND SHINE? - IS THERE LIFE ELSEWHERE IN THE UNIVERSE? - WHAT IS THE SIZE AND STRUCTURE OF THE UNIVERSE? D01.1.4.A_SW Solar Eclipse ABOVE AND BEYOND MAKING SENSE OF THE UNIVERSE FOR 100 YEARS TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE 29 MAY 1919 Once a total solar eclipse is witnessed, such an event cannot be forgotten. For centuries, total solar eclipses were perceived as frightening, almost mystical events. The short period during which day turns into night is a spectacle caused by the Moon blocking the Sun. A century ago, this phenomenon was used to successfully test, for the first time, a novel theoretical concept coined by Albert Einstein: the General Theory of Relativity. Two expeditions led by Eddington & Dyson (Sao Tome and Principe) and Crommelin (Sobral, Brazil) were set out to observe an eclipse in May 1919. The researchers confirmed that the light of stars around the Sun is indeed deflected due to the solar mass in the amount predicted by Einstein’s theory. Credit: Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society, Courtesy of the Royal Astronomical Society Library STARLIGHT REFRACTION D01.1.4.R_SW 1919 data-wall WHAT IS THE UNIVERSE? IS EARTH THE ONLY LIVING PLANET?HOW DOES THE SUN FUNCTION? WILL WE BE EVER ABLE TO TRAVEL INTO SPACE? IS EINSTEIN RIGHT? WHAT WE KNEW IN 1919 NUMBER OF INDIVIDUAL IAU MEMBERS: 207 NUMBER OF RESEARCH OBSERVATORIES AROUND THE WORLD: 100 DISTANCE OF OPTICAL OBSERVATION: 2.5 MILLION L.Y. DISTANCE INTO SPACE REACHED BY HUMAN-MADE MACHINE: 0 KM NUMBER OF KNOWN POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS ASTEROIDS: 0 NUMBER OF KNOWN PLANETS: 8 NUMBER OF KNOWN GALAXIES: 1 1 LIGHT YEAR (L.Y.) = 9.5 TRILLION KILOMETRES DATA SOURCES: 1. INTERNATIONAL ASTRONOMICAL UNION (1922), 2. & 5. MINOR PLANET CENTER / SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY, 3. OESH ET AL., THE ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2016, 4. NASA/JPL, 6. HTTP://EXOPLANET.EU, 7. MARIO LIVIO (STSCI) IS THERE MORE THAN ONE UNIVERSE? WILL WE EVER FIND A THEORY OF EVERYTHING? WHEN WILL WE DETECT AND ENCOUNTER EXTRATERRESTRIAL LIFE? WILL HUMANITY BECOME AN INTERPLANETARY CIVILIZATION? WAS EINSTEIN WRONG? WHAT WE KNOW IN 2019 NUMBER OF INDIVIDUAL IAU MEMBERS: 12 380 NUMBER OF RESEARCH OBSERVATORIES AROUND THE WORLD: 2 099 DISTANCE OF OPTICAL OBSERVATION: ~32 BILLION L.Y. DISTANCE INTO SPACE REACHED BY HUMAN-MADE MACHINE: 21.3 BILLION KM NUMBER OF KNOWN POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS ASTEROIDS: 1 920 NUMBER OF KNOWN PLANETS: 3 812 + 8 NUMBER OF KNOWN GALAXIES: 100?200 BILLION INFORMATION VALID FOR JULY 30TH, 2018 DATA SOURCES: 1. INTERNATIONAL ASTRONOMICAL UNION, 2. & 5. MINOR PLANET CENTER / SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY, 3. OESH ET. AL. 2016, 4. NASA/JPL, 6. HTTP://EXOPLANET.EU, 7. MARIO LIVIO (STSCI) D01.1.5.A.A._SW The Great Debate THE GREAT DEBATE In 1920, we were still trying to figure out the cosmic order. Two astronomers, Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis, confronted each other in an historic debate that argued the very nature of our galactic home: the Milky Way. Shapley held the opinion that the so-called ‘spiral nebulae’ (fuzzy, cloud-like objects observed in the sky) were in fact clouds belonging to our Milky Way like the Orion Nebula. Curtis instead believed the spiral nebulae are themselves galaxies like our own Milky Way, that are much further into space and thus expanding our perceived size of the Universe. While both were backed by the best scientific evidence available at the time, the debate remained unsolved for a few years. When the first measurement of the distance to one such spiral ? Andromeda ? was made, Curtis was proved right. The spiral nebulae were large, distant, independent galaxies beyond our own, in a much larger Universe. HARLOW SHAPLEY "It seems to me that the evidence is opposed to the view that the spirals are individual galaxies comparable with our own. In fact, there appears as yet no reason for modifying the tentative hypothesis that the spirals are not composed of typical stars at all, but are truly nebulous objects" Credit: Harvard University Archives NEBULA OR GALAXY? 01 FLAME NEBULA CREDIT: ESO/IDA/DANISH 1.5 M/R. GENDLER, J.-E. OVALDSEN, C. THONE AND C. FERON 02 TOBY JUB NEBULA CREDIT: ESO 03 NGC 1300 GALAXY CREDIT: NASA/ESA/HUBBLE HERITAGE TEAM (STSCI/AURA) 04 RING NEBULA CREDIT: NASA/ESA/HUBBLE HERITAGE TEAM (STSCI/AURA) 05 SOMBRERO GALAXY CREDIT: ESO 06 ESO 486-21 GALAXY CREDIT: ESA/HUBBLE & NASA HEBER CURTIS "The evidence points strongly to the conclusion that spirals are individual galaxies, or islands of galaxies, comparable with our own galaxy in dimension and in number of component units." Credit: Allegheny Observatory Records

IAU100] Above & Beyond Exhibition Decade0 ai 자료 압축파일 입니다. D00.1.1._visual opening ABOVE AND BEYOND MAKING SENSE OF THE UNIVERSE FOR 100 YEARS ABOVE AND BEYOND MAKING SENSE OF THE UNIVERSE FOR 100 YEARS A variety of remarkable achievements have taken place overy the last century. As the world recovered from the devastation of World War I, the astronomical community was on the verge of paradigm-shifting discoveries. The pillars of physics were about to evolve and the understanding of our place in the Universe would soon expand to previously unthinkable landscapes. What has always led us forward, however, was curiosity. We have long sought answers to better understand some of the most universal and existential questions of humankind. What is the size and structure of this thing we call ‘Universe’? Is there life outside of Earth? What powers the stars? How do they begin to shine and what happens when they die? Some of these questions may seem obsolete today, while others are just as open as they were a hundred years ago. As in every story of science and discovery, this was just the beginning. 1919-2019 The Above and Beyond exhibition is a modest attempt at navigating through some of the most important and spectacular achievements in modern astronomy. It is a global journey through a century of scientific and technological advancements and an era of inspiration that expanded social boundaries and spurred imagination. The exhibition celebrates a century’s work of research and discovery by making sense of this fascinating and mysterious home of ours, the Universe. The exhibition has been created in the framework of the International Astronomical Union’s 100th anniversary (1919-2019). WWW.IAU.ORG/100 ABOVE AND BEYOND MAKING SENSE OF THE UNIVERSE FOR 100 YEARS EXHIBITION CREATED IN PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL ASTRONOMICAL UNION AND SCIENCE NOW WWW.IAU.ORG/100 WWW.SCIENCENOW.STUDIO CREDITS EXECUTIVE PRODUCERS : Ewine van Dishoeck (Leiden University, IAU), Jan Pomierny (Science Now), Pedro Russo (Leiden University, IAU) EDITING : Claudia Mignone, Bethany Downer PRODUCER : Łukasz Alwast (Science Now) VISUAL DESIGN : Lena Mitek (leniva fullmetal agency), Janek Mo?ka (leniva fullmetal agency), Neon Neonov (leniva fullmetal agency) IAU100 COORDINATOR : Jorge Rivero Gonzalez (Leiden University, IAU) CREATIVE CONCEPT : Łukasz Alwast (Science Now), Karolina Panasiuk (Science Now), Jan Pomierny (Science Now) ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN : MADE Studio PRODUCTION SUPPORT : Joanna Trytek (Black Salt) PRODUCTION : Ryszard Zalewski (MONT-EXPO) CONTENT DEVELOPMENT : Łukasz Alwast (Science Now), Kamil Deresz (Science Now), Ewine van Dishoeck (Leiden University, IAU), Jorge Rivero Gonzalez (Leiden University, IAU), Jan Pomierny (Science Now), Milena Ratajczak (Science Now), Pedro Russo (Leiden University, IAU) SPECIAL THANKS : Michele Armano, David Baneke, Piero Benvenuti, Lars Lindberg Christensen, Maria Rosaria D’Antonio, Gerhard Hensler, Werner Z. Zellinger CONTENT SUPPORT : Jarle Brinchmann, Dirk van Delft, Henk Hoekstra, Maksymilian Manko, Claudia Mignone , Frans Snik IAU Commission C3 Members IAU Division Presidents IAU Executive Committee Members IAU 100 Years Task Force Members WITH CONTRIBUTIONS FROM : European Southern Observatory, European Space Agency, Harvard University, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency , Jet Propulsion Lab, Leiden University, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Roscosmos, Royal Astronomical Society, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory , South African Radio Astronomy Observatory , The World At Night ABOVE AND BEYOND MAKING SENSE OF THE UNIVERSE FOR 100 YEARS WHAT IS THE SIZE AND STRUCTURE OF THE UNIVERSE? For centuries, we were only capable of perceiving the world through the lens of the human eye. This was later aided by increasingly elaborate, but fundamentally simple, instruments. As technology advanced, our understanding of the natural world became sharper and deeper, and our eyes opened even more. With scientific results being made accessible to larger groups of people, everyone could look into the depths of the Solar System, our Galaxy and the Universe as we know it. We began to understand more about how extensive the cosmos truly is and what it is made of. WHAT IS THE SIZE AND STRUCTURE OF THE UNIVERSE? HOW DO STARS FORM AND SHINE? Looking up into the sky, we have always found inspiration in our daily companion and source of life, the Sun. Although special to us, we have learned that it is just one of billions that sparkle in the night sky. Discovering what stars like our Sun are made of and what causes them to shine was no easy task. We have also learned about the evolution of stars and how their death can create supernova explosions that lead to the formation of black holes. This includes the life-cycle of stars, leading to our understanding of the processes that creates the elements, which we are all made of. HOW DO STARS FORM AND SHINE? IS THERE LIFE ELSEWHERE IN THE UNIVERSE? Life has flourished here on Earth but we are still uncertain of its true origins Are we alone in the Universe? Will we ever discover and experience extraterrestrial forms of life? These questions have kept philosophers, scientists and science-fiction writers busy for centuries. However, throughout the past 100 years we began approaching these questions in a more tangible manner. With pioneering research in the scientific community and endless speculations unravelling in the domains of cinema, literature and media, we have pushed ourselves towards new frontiers that question our place and future in the Universe. IS THERE LIFE ELSEWHERE IN THE UNIVERSE? ABOVE AND BEYOND MAKING SENSE OF THE UNIVERSE FOR 100 YEARS D00.1.1._visual opening ABOVE AND BEYOND MAKING SENSE OF THE UNIVERSE FOR 100 YEARS

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