Ferrarese & Merritt (2000), Gebhardt et al. (2000), Magorrian et al. (1998) have shown that supermassive blackholes are related to the host galaxy. Then, Martini et al. (2003) and Simoes Lopes et al. (2007) have found that all active galactic nuclei have a dust structure (r ~ 100 pc) near the core and Tran et al. (2001) reported that the dust structure in the elliptical galaxy is more related to filamentary structure than other structure in active galactic nuclei(AGN). So, we started to find the correlation between active galactic nuclei (AGN) and circumnuclear dust. And According to the dust morphology classification by Tran et al., we classified circumnuclear dust of spiral galaxies.
[ Ferrarese & Merritt 2000. ApJ, 539, 9. ]
The masses of supermassive black holes correlate almost perfectly with the velocity dispersions of their host bulges, Mbh~σα, where α=4.8+/-0.5. The relation is much tighter than the relation between Mbh and bulge luminosity, with a scatter no larger than expected on the basis of measurement error alone. Black hole masses recently estimated by Magorrian et al. lie systematically above the Mbh-σ relation defined by more accurate mass estimates, some by as much as 2 orders of magnitude. The tightness of the Mbh-σ relation implies a strong link between black hole formation and the properties of the stellar bulge.
[ Gebhardt et al. 2000. ApJ, 539, 13. ]
We describe a correlation between the mass Mbh of a galaxy's central black hole and the luminosity-weighted line-of-sight velocity dispersion σe within the half-light radius. The result is based on a sample of 26 galaxies, including 13 galaxies with new determinations of black hole masses from Hubble Space Telescope measurements of stellar kinematics. The best-fit correlation is Mbh=1.2(+/-0.2)×108 Msolar(σe/200 km s-1)3.75 (+/-0.3) over almost 3 orders of magnitude in Mbh; the scatter in Mbh at fixed σe is only 0.30 dex, and most of this is due to observational errors. The Mbh-σe relation is of interest not only for its strong predictive power but also because it implies that central black hole mass is constrained by and closely related to properties of the host galaxy's bulge.
[ Magorrian et al. 1998. AJ, 115, 2285. ]
We construct dynamical models for a sample of 36 nearby galaxies with Hubble Space Telescope (HST) photometry and ground-based kinematics. The models assume that each galaxy is axisymmetric, with a two-integral distribution function, arbitrary inclination angle, a position-independent stellar mass-to-light ratio Upsilon, and a central massive dark object (MDO) of arbitrary mass M_•. They provide acceptable fits to 32 of the galaxies for some value of M_• and Upsilon the four galaxies that cannot be fitted have kinematically decoupled cores. The mass-to-light ratios inferred for the 32 well-fitted galaxies are consistent with the fundamental-plane correlation Upsilon ~ L^0.2, where L is galaxy luminosity. In all but six galaxies the models require at the 95% confidence level an MDO of mass M_• ~ 0.006M_bulge = 0.006UpsilonL. Five of the six galaxies consistent with M_• = 0 are also consistent with this correlation. The other (NGC 7332) has a much stronger upper limit on M_•. We predict the second-moment profiles that should be observed at HST resolution for the 32 galaxies that our models describe well. We consider various parameterizations for the probability distribution describing the correlation of the masses of these MDOs with other galaxy properties. One of the best models can be summarized thus: a fraction f ~= 0.97 of early-type galaxies have MDOs, whose masses are well described by a Gaussian distribution in log (M_•/M_bulge) of mean -2.28 and standard deviation ~0.51. There is also marginal evidence that M_• is distributed differently for ``core'' and ``power law'' galaxies, with core galaxies having a somewhat steeper dependence on M_bulge.
[ Martini et al. 2003. ApJ, 589, 774. ]
We present a detailed study of the relation between circumnuclear dust morphology, host-galaxy properties, and nuclear activity in nearby galaxies. We use our sample of 123 nearby galaxies with visible-near-infrared color maps from the Hubble Space Telescope to create well-matched, ``paired'' samples of 28 active and 28 inactive galaxies, as well as 19 barred and 19 unbarred galaxies, that have the same host-galaxy properties. Comparison of the barred and unbarred galaxies shows that grand-design nuclear dust spirals are found only in galaxies with a large-scale bar. These nuclear dust spirals, which are present in approximately one-third of all barred galaxies, also appear to be connected to the dust lanes along the leading edges of the large-scale bars. Grand-design nuclear spirals are more common than inner rings, which are present in only a small minority of the barred galaxies. Tightly wound nuclear dust spirals, in contrast, show a strong tendency to avoid galaxies with large-scale bars. Comparison of the active galactic nuclei (AGNs)and inactive samples shows that nuclear dust spirals, which may trace shocks and angular momentum dissipation in the interstellar medium, occur with comparable frequency in both active and inactive galaxies. The only difference between the active and inactive galaxies is that several inactive galaxies appear to completely lack dust structure in their circumnuclear region, while none of the AGNs lack this structure. The comparable frequency of nuclear spirals in active and inactive galaxies, combined with previous work that finds no significant difference in the frequency of bars or interactions between well-matched active and inactive galaxies, suggests that no universal fueling mechanism for low-luminosity AGNs operates at spatial scales greater than a ~100 pc radius from the galactic nuclei. The similarities of the circumnuclear environments of active and inactive galaxies suggest that the lifetime of nuclear activity is less than the characteristic inflow time from these spatial scales. An order-of-magnitude estimate of this inflow time is the dynamical timescale. This sets an upper limit of several million years to the lifetime of an individual episode of nuclear activity.
[ Simões Lopes et al. 2007. ApJ, 655, 718. ]
We present a detailed investigation of the incidence of circumnuclear dust structure in a large, well-matched sample of early-type galaxies with and without active galactic nuclei (AGNs). All 34 early-type AGN hosts in our sample have circumnuclear dust, while dust is only observed in 26% (9) of a pair-matched sample of 34 early-type, inactive galaxies. This result demonstrates a strong correlation between the presence of circumnuclear dust and accretion onto the central, supermassive black hole in elliptical and lenticular galaxies. This correlation is not present at later Hubble types, where a sample of 31 active and 31 inactive galaxies all contain circumnuclear dust. These archival, Hubble Space Telescope observations reveal a wide range of mostly chaotic dust morphologies. Current estimates suggest the dust settling or destruction time is on order of 108 yr, and therefore the presence of dust in ~50% of early-type galaxies requires frequent replenishment and similarly frequent fueling of their central supermassive black holes. The observed dust could be internally produced (via stellar winds) or externally accreted, although there are observational challenges for both of these scenarios. Our analysis also reveals that approximately one-third of the early-type galaxies without circumnuclear dust have nuclear stellar disks. These nuclear stellar disks may provide a preferred kinematic axis to externally accreted material, and this material may in turn form new stars in these disks. The observed incidence of nuclear stellar disks and circumnuclear dust suggests that episodic replenishment of nuclear stellar disks occurs and is approximately concurrent with the fueling of the central AGN.
[ Tran et al. 2001. AJ, 121, 2928. ]
We examine the dust properties of a nearby distance-limited sample of early-type galaxies using WFPC2 of the Hubble Space Telescope. Dust is detected in 29 out of 67 galaxies (43%), including 12 with small nuclear dusty disks. In a separate sample of 40 galaxies biased for the detection of dust by virtue of their detection in IRAS 100 μm band, dust is found in ~78% of the galaxies, 15 of which contain dusty disks. In those galaxies with detectable dust, the apparent mass of the dust correlates with radio and far-infrared luminosity, becoming more significant for systems with filamentary dust. A majority of IRAS and radio detections are also associated with dusty galaxies rather than dustless galaxies. This indicates that thermal emission from clumpy, filamentary dust is the main source of the far-IR radiation in early-type galaxies. Dust in small disklike morphology tends to be well aligned with the major axis of the host galaxies, while filamentary dust appears to be more randomly distributed with no preference for alignment with any major galactic structure. This suggests that, if the dusty disks and filaments have a common origin, the dust originates externally and requires time to dynamically relax and settle in the galaxy potential in the form of compact disks. More galaxies with visible dust than without dust display emission lines, indicative of ionized gas, although such nuclear activity does not show a preference for dusty disk over filamentary dust. There appears to be a weak relationship between the mass of the dusty disks and central velocity dispersion of the galaxy, suggesting a connection with a similar recently recognized relationship between the latter and the black hole mass. Based on observations with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, obtained at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555.